In societies dominated by land-holding aristocracies .

在由拥有土地的贵族统治的社会里。

When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved , the prospect is not cheerful .

当一个人回忆过去贵族的所作所为，前景就不会乐观了。

In europe , family connections and the circumstances of one 's birth are considered crucial determinants of success , a consequence of the entrenched aristocracies in the united kingdom and , to a lesser extent , italy and france .

在欧洲，家庭关系和一个人的出生环境被认为是成功的关键因素，这是英国根深蒂固的贵族统治所致，意大利和法国这方面程度更轻一些。

In the french revolution of july 1830 , and in the english reform agitation , these aristocracies again succumbed to the hateful upstart .

在法国的1830年七月革命和英国的改革运动中，他们再一次被可恨的暴发户打败了。