复数： disincentives

Wasteful and corrupt bureaucracies act as a disincentive to investment .

官僚机构的浪费和腐败对投资起着抑制作用。

Income tax rates in cities like shanghai where the top levy is 45 per cent are already seen as a disincentive to attracting foreign financial professionals .

上海等城市的个人所得税税率（最高一级为45%）已被视为阻碍吸引国外金融专业人员的因素。

Many chancellors have said that they would jump at a tax that had no disincentive effects on work or enterprise but had a strong redistributive element .

许多大臣都表示，如果一种税对劳动和企业没有抑制性影响、却有着强大的再分配作用，他们会迫不及待地接受它。

One disincentive involves reducing unemployment benefits to people who have not spent seven out of the previous eight years in denmark .

其中一项抑制措施是对那些过去八年里没有在丹麦居住满七年的人减少失业救济。

The company said such an interpretation violated world trade organisation agreements and would be a disincentive for investment , because much pharmaceutical innovation occurs through incremental research .

诺华表示，这样的解释违反了世界贸易组织（wto）协议，而且会阻碍投资，因为很多药品创新都发生在渐进式研发之中。