Human waste was problematic in premodern societies but at least it was organic , and had its uses : it became fertiliser .

人类粪便在前现代社会的确令人棘手但至少它是有机物，有一定用途：可成为肥料。

In later years I have much enjoyed making translations from works of japanese fiction and poetry , of both the modern and premodern periods .

后来，我很享受翻译翻译日本小说和诗歌（前现代和现代时期的作品）。

China has risen from poverty , impotence and isolation to retake its premodern place atop the world economic order .

中国已经从贫穷、衰弱之中崛起，收复了现代化之前的失地，进而抵达全球经济秩序的巅峰。

Custom , law , social practice and prejudice , inertia , and any number of restrictions on behavior exist today and were even more decisive in premodern times .

今天现存的风俗、法律、社会惯例和偏见、惯性以及其他行为约束在前现代化时期更加具有决定性。

Symbolism was essential to premodern religion , because it was only possible to speak about the ultimate reality-god , tao , brahman or nirvana-analogically , since it lay beyond the reach of words .

象征主义是前现代宗教的重要组成成分，由于只能通过类比的方法来谈论终极现实上帝、道、婆罗门或涅磐因为它存在于语言文字无法到达的地方。