Lianas or subshrubs , stems twining or scandent , stinging hairs often present .

藤本植物或者亚灌木，茎缠绕或者攀缘，蛰毛通常宿存。

Woody lianas or scandent shrubs ; calyx usually more than 6 mm in diam .

木质藤本或攀缘灌木；花萼通常6毫米直径的超过。

Lianas or scandent shrubs climbing by hooked apices of sympodial branches ; juvenile growth erect , shrubby , monopodial ; plants externally glabrous .

藤本植物或者攀缘灌木通过合轴枝具钩的尖攀援；幼株直立，灌木状，单轴分枝；外部的植株无毛。